--- title: "Contactless Payment Statistics 2026: Surging Digital Payment Trends" date: 2026-05-15 author: "Tushar Thakur" featured_image: "https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/contactless-payment-statistics.jpg" categories: - name: "Technology" url: "/topics/technology.md" tags: - name: "Statistics" url: "/tags/statistics.md" --- # Contactless Payment Statistics 2026: Surging Digital Payment Trends Contactless payments now shape how consumers pay for groceries, ride public transit, order coffee, and shop online. Retailers, restaurants, healthcare providers, and transportation systems continue to expand tap-to-pay infrastructure as digital wallets and NFC-enabled cards become standard across the U.S. and global markets. At the same time, banks and fintech firms push faster and more secure checkout experiences to reduce friction and increase transaction speed. Explore the latest contactless payment statistics, market trends, and adoption figures shaping the industry. ## Editor’s Choice - The global contactless payment market reached **$56.11 billion in 2025** and is projected to grow to **$65.09 billion in 2026**. - The contactless payment industry could surpass **$240 billion by 2035**, reflecting continued consumer demand for cashless transactions. - Asia-Pacific accounted for **26.2% of the global contactless payment market in 2025**, making it the largest regional contributor. - Europe represented more than **42% of global contactless payment revenue in 2025**, driven by strong card penetration and digital banking adoption. - The global mobile payment transaction market reached **$10.16 trillion in 2025**. - Mobile wallet users worldwide are expected to exceed **5.3 billion by 2026**. - The global NFC market was valued at **$29.9 billion in 2024** and continues to expand across payments, healthcare, and transportation sectors. - Smartphones and wearables generated over **60% of the contactless payment market revenue in 2025**. - Retail applications contributed more than **60% of global contactless payment revenue in 2025**. ## Recent Developments - Financial institutions increased support for **NFC-enabled digital wallets** during 2025 to improve checkout speed and fraud prevention. - Several major mobile wallet providers introduced expanded NFC partnerships in 2025 to improve cross-platform payment compatibility. - Wearable payment adoption continued to rise as smartwatches and fitness bands integrated tap-to-pay features. - Transportation systems across Asia and Europe accelerated contactless ticketing deployments in metro and rail systems during 2025. - U.S. retailers expanded soft POS and tap-on-phone solutions to reduce hardware costs for merchants. - Government-backed digital payment initiatives in India and the UAE increased NFC payment adoption across public services. - Cross-border contactless payments gained momentum in Asia-Pacific due to wallet interoperability agreements. - Contactless-enabled ATMs and transit kiosks expanded in urban markets throughout 2025. - Banks increasingly adopted tokenization and one-time authentication codes to improve payment security for contactless users. ## Global Overview of Contactless Payments - Contactless payments rely on **NFC and RFID technologies** to enable tap-based transactions without physical card insertion. - Millions of merchants worldwide now accept tap-to-pay transactions across retail, dining, healthcare, and transportation industries. - Contactless payment systems support cards, smartphones, smartwatches, wearables, and mobile wallets. - Europe remains one of the strongest contactless payment regions because of widespread card acceptance infrastructure. - Asia-Pacific leads global growth due to smartphone penetration and government support for digital payment ecosystems. - Contactless payments became mainstream in the U.S. after major retailers upgraded POS terminals during the last five years. - Public transit systems increasingly prefer contactless ticketing because it shortens boarding times and lowers operational friction. - NFC-enabled payments continue to expand beyond retail into healthcare, hospitality, and smart city infrastructure. - Global consumers increasingly prefer contactless checkout because it reduces transaction time compared with chip-and-PIN methods. ## Contactless Payment Revenue Growth Trends - The global **contactless payment revenue** is projected to grow from **$22.4 billion in 2022** to **$90.6 billion by 2032**. - Between **2022 and 2032**, the market revenue is expected to increase by **$68.2 billion**, showing strong long-term growth. - Revenue is forecast to more than **quadruple** over the 10-year period, rising by around **304%** from 2022 levels. - The market shows steady year-over-year growth, with revenue increasing from **$25.9 billion in 2023** to **$29.3 billion in 2024**. - By **2026**, contactless payment revenue is expected to reach **$41.1 billion**, nearly double the **2022** value. - The revenue is projected to cross the **$50 billion** mark in **2028**, reaching **$51.1 billion**. - A major growth phase appears after **2029**, when revenue rises from **$59.0 billion** to **$66.9 billion in 2030**. - The highest year-over-year increase occurs between **2031 and 2032**, when revenue grows from **$77.2 billion** to **$90.6 billion**. - By 2032, contactless payments are expected to generate $90.6 billion, highlighting the rising adoption of **tap-to-pay cards**, **mobile wallets**, and **NFC-based payments**. - The data suggests that contactless payments are becoming a major part of the global digital payment ecosystem, supported by faster checkout experiences and growing consumer preference for cashless transactions. ![Contactless Payment Revenue](https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/contactless-payment-revenue.jpg "Contactless Payment Revenue")Reference: Market.us Scoop ## Growth of the Contactless Payment Market - The contactless payment market is forecast to grow at a **15.65% CAGR from 2026 to 2035**. - Another industry forecast projects the market will expand from **$50.79 billion in 2026 to $128.35 billion by 2034**. - The NFC payments market could reach **$59.5 billion by 2033**, nearly doubling from 2023 levels. - Global NFC payment revenue is expected to rise from **$38.2 billion in 2025 to $71.16 billion by 2035**. - Analysts estimate the broader NFC mobile payment market will grow at a **16.9% CAGR through 2034**. - The global near-field communication market could surpass **$101.8 billion by 2034**. - Growth in smartphone ownership remains one of the largest drivers of contactless payment expansion worldwide. - Governments in emerging markets continue promoting cashless ecosystems to improve tax transparency and financial inclusion. - Retailers increasingly invest in tap-to-pay infrastructure because faster checkout improves customer throughput during peak hours. ## Contactless Payment Transaction Volume - China processed **576.3 billion non-cash payment transactions during 2024**, highlighting the scale of digital payment activity. - Mobile wallet users globally are projected to surpass **5.3 billion by 2026**, increasing overall contactless transaction frequency. - Southeast Asia could see mobile wallet usage grow by **311% between 2020 and 2025**. - Retail remains the largest contributor to contactless transaction volume because of frequent low-value purchases. - Public transportation systems increasingly process millions of tap-based transactions daily in major metro areas worldwide. - Smartphones and wearable devices now account for most new contactless transaction growth globally. - Soft POS adoption among small merchants continues to increase transaction counts in developing markets. - Contactless card payments remain dominant for low-value in-store purchases in Europe and North America. - Fast-food restaurants, vending machines, transit stations, and pharmacies continue to drive high-frequency tap-to-pay usage. ## Contactless Payment Transaction Value - Global mobile payment transaction value reached **$10.16 trillion in 2025**. - Analysts expect the mobile payment transaction market to climb to **$47.37 trillion by 2032**. - Europe generated **$19.26 billion in contactless payment market revenue during 2025**. - Asia-Pacific contactless payment revenue reached **$11.9 billion in 2025**. - North America contributed **$8.39 billion in 2025** to the global contactless payment market. - India’s contactless payment market revenue is expected to hit **$2.2 billion in 2026**. - China’s contactless payment market revenue could exceed **$4.23 billion in 2026**. - The Middle East and Africa contactless market generated **$2.44 billion in 2025**. - South America’s contactless payment sector produced **$3.44 billion in 2025**. ![Contactless Payment Revenue By Region 2025 2026](https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/contactless-payment-revenue-by-region-2025-2026.jpg "Contactless Payment Revenue By Region 2025 2026") ## Adoption Rate of Contactless Payments - More than **90% of smartphone users** in several developed markets now use at least one form of contactless payment annually. - In the U.S., contactless card penetration surpassed **72% of active payment cards in 2025**. - Over **67% of consumers globally** used contactless payments at least once per week during 2025. - The UK maintained one of the highest adoption rates worldwide, with contactless accounting for nearly **38% of all payments in 2025**. - Australia reported contactless usage rates above **95% for in-person card transactions** in 2025. - India experienced rapid adoption growth after UPI-enabled NFC and tap-to-pay services expanded across urban merchants. - Younger consumers between the ages of 18 and 34 represented the highest contactless payment adoption group globally. - Public transit systems helped accelerate adoption by integrating tap-to-pay access into buses, metros, and rail systems. - Contactless payment adoption among small businesses in North America rose by **more than 30% year over year in 2025**. ## Consumer Usage of Contactless Payments - Consumers cited **speed and convenience** as the top reasons for choosing contactless payments in 2025. - More than **74% of Gen Z consumers** used mobile wallets or contactless cards weekly during 2025. - Around **58% of U.S. shoppers** preferred tap-to-pay over cash for purchases under $25 in 2025. - Consumers completed contactless transactions up to **10 times faster** than cash purchases at checkout counters. - Digital wallet usage among U.S. consumers increased by **over 20% between 2024 and 2025**. - Nearly **half of consumers globally** said they now carry less physical cash because of contactless payments. - Grocery stores, pharmacies, and quick-service restaurants ranked among the most common locations for tap-to-pay usage. - Wearable payment usage grew sharply among fitness-focused consumers using smartwatches for daily purchases. - Consumers using contactless checkout reported shorter wait times and smoother retail experiences compared with traditional card entry methods. ## Contactless Payment Usage by Payment Type - **Mobile Wallets** account for the largest share of contactless payments at **46%**, making them the most widely used payment type in the chart. - **Contactless Cards** are the second most popular option, representing **39%** of total usage. - Together, **Mobile Wallets** and **Contactless Cards** make up **85%** of contactless payment usage, showing that these two methods dominate the market. - **Wearables** have a smaller but notable share at **9%**, indicating growing adoption of smartwatches and other wearable payment devices. - **QR Code Payments** represent the lowest share at **6%**, suggesting they are less commonly used compared with card- and wallet-based contactless payments. - The data shows a clear preference for **convenient, device-based payment methods**, especially **mobile wallets** and **tap-to-pay cards**. ![Contactless Payment Usage By Payment Type](https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/contactless-payment-usage-by-payment-type.jpg "Contactless Payment Usage By Payment Type") ## Contactless Card Payment Statistics - **>70%** of payment card shipments globally were contactless-enabled in 2025. - Visa processed **billions** of tap-to-pay transactions worldwide during 2025. - Mastercard reported that contactless became the **preferred** in-store payment in several mature markets by 2025. - Contactless card taps reduced average checkout time by **several seconds** compared with chip insertions. - North American banks issued millions of NFC-enabled replacement cards in accelerated rollout programs in 2025. - Europe recorded about **71%** contactless transaction share in 2024–2025, among the world’s highest rates. - Contactless card usage among older consumers grew by around **38%** over two years as cards stayed popular versus mobile wallets. - Financial institutions expanded tokenization and biometric features, with **widespread** rollout of tokenized contactless solutions in 2025. - Low-value retail purchases (everyday items) continued to account for the **majority** of contactless transaction frequency worldwide. ## Mobile Wallet and NFC Payment Statistics - Global mobile wallet users are expected to exceed **5.3 billion by 2026**. - Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Wallet remained the leading NFC wallet ecosystems in North America during 2025. - NFC payment adoption grew rapidly in developing markets because smartphones became more affordable. - The NFC market could exceed **$101 billion globally by 2034**. - Smartphone-based payments accounted for more than **60% of contactless payment revenue in 2025**. - Digital wallet transactions increased significantly in transit systems and vending machine environments during 2025. - Wearable devices emerged as one of the fastest-growing NFC payment categories globally. - More merchants adopted QR-to-NFC hybrid payment experiences during 2025 to support broader payment flexibility. - Consumers are increasingly linking loyalty rewards and coupon systems directly to mobile wallet applications. ## Business Adoption of Contactless Payments - **Large retail chains lead contactless payment adoption**, with an impressive **92% adoption rate**, showing that major retailers have made tap-to-pay systems a standard checkout option. - **Restaurants and cafés rank second**, with **84% adoption**, highlighting strong demand for faster, low-friction payments in food service environments. - **Grocery stores show high adoption at 81%**, reflecting the importance of quick checkout, high transaction volume, and convenience for everyday purchases. - **Hotels and hospitality businesses have a 76% adoption rate**, indicating that contactless payments are increasingly used for bookings, check-ins, dining, and guest services. - **Public transportation records 74% adoption**, showing that tap-to-pay cards and mobile wallets are becoming common for faster fare collection and commuter convenience. - **Small and medium businesses (SMBs) have adopted contactless payments at 68%**, suggesting strong but still developing uptake among smaller merchants. - **Healthcare providers have the lowest adoption rate at 57%**, indicating slower implementation compared with retail, hospitality, and transportation sectors. - Overall, the data shows that **contactless payment adoption is strongest in high-volume, consumer-facing sectors**, especially **large retail chains, restaurants, cafés, and grocery stores**. - The adoption gap between **large retail chains at 92%** and **healthcare providers at 57%** is **35 percentage points**, showing clear differences in payment modernization across industries. ![Business Adoption Of Contactless Payments](https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/business-adoption-of-contactless-payments.jpg "Business Adoption Of Contactless Payments") ## Tap to Pay Usage Statistics - **>50%** of Americans used tap-to-pay regularly during 2025. - Contactless transactions made up **>75%** of Mastercard network purchases in 2025. - Visa’s Tap-to-Phone adoption grew **200% year‑over‑year** in 2025. - Tap-to-Phone reported **~30%** of sellers were new small businesses adopting contactless POS. - Transit tap usage jumped **37%** year‑over‑year as riders used cards to board in 2025. - Over **50%** of U.S. consumers said they prefer contactless for in‑store payments in 2025. - Tap-to-pay card tapping was preferred by **36%** of consumers vs **14%** for mobile wallets. - Nearly **30%** of Tap-to-Phone users were small or independent merchants in early 2025. - Sports venues increased tap-only concessions and ticketing deployment throughout 2025, boosting contactless spend per fan by **double‑digit** percentages. - Contactless smartphone payments are processed **noticeably faster** than magnetic-stripe transactions, reducing average checkout time per transaction. ## In-Store vs Online Contactless Payments - **75%+** of network transactions were **contactless** in 2025, showing tap-to-pay has become mainstream. - **60%+** of all in-store transactions in the U.S. were contactless in 2025, reinforcing **physical retail** dominance. - **87.9%** of POS card payments in H1 2025 were contactless, and **62%** of contactless payments used **mobile wallets**. - **1.6 billion** contactless POS payments were made in the 12 months to June 2025, worth **€28.3 billion**. - **1.9%** of global e-commerce visits converted to purchases in Q4 2025, highlighting the lower conversion baseline online. - Offering **Apple Pay** lifted conversion by **22.3%** on eligible checkouts, while revenue rose **22.5%**. - **66%** of users prefer mobile wallets like **Apple Pay** or **Google Pay**, underscoring wallet demand in online checkout. - Nearly **70%** of American restaurants offered QR code payment options in 2025, reflecting faster **dine-in** contactless flows. ## Contactless Payments by Region - Europe generated over **42%** of global **contactless payment revenue** in 2025. - The **Asia‑Pacific** region captured **26%** of the global contactless payment market share in 2025 while posting the **highest CAGR** of around **20%**. - **China’s** contactless payment transactions exceeded **400 billion** annually, underpinning its dominance in **non‑cash payments**. - The **United States** saw contactless payment transactions surpass **1.5 trillion** dollars in 2025, reflecting rapid **POS terminal upgrades** and **cashless adoption**. - India’s UPI‑linked **contactless transactions** grew by over **70% year‑on‑year** in 2025, driven by **NFC and QR tap‑to‑pay** rollouts. - **Australia** recorded that **more than 95%** of face‑to‑face card payments were conducted via **contactless or tap‑to‑pay** methods in 2025. - The **Middle East** achieved a **contactless acceptance rate** of roughly **60%** across **retail and transit** merchants by 2025. - **Latin America** registered that **over 45%** of active banked adults used **mobile‑based contactless wallets** at least once per month in 2025. - **Africa** processed more than **1.2 billion** **mobile‑first contactless transactions** in 2025, boosted by **NFC‑enabled banking apps** and **telco‑led wallets**. - **North America** commanded the **largest regional share** at around **28%** of global contactless payment value in 2025. ![Regional Shares And Acceptance Of Contactless Payments 2025](https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/regional-shares-and-acceptance-of-contactless-payments-2025.jpg "Regional Shares And Acceptance Of Contactless Payments 2025") ## Industry-Wise Contactless Payment Statistics - **Retail** generated **more than 60%** of global contactless payment revenue in **2025**, making it the largest industry segment. - **Quick-service restaurants** saw contactless payments help cut checkout friction, with **fast-food spend up 20.7%** between **2023 and 2025** in one regional market. - **Public transportation** is one of the fastest-growing uses, with **NFC ticketing** projected to rise from **11.2 billion** transactions in **2025** to **44.8 billion** by **2030**. - **Transit** contactless journeys on London public transport grew at a **39.6% CAGR** from **2015 to 2024**, showing how quickly tap-to-pay can scale in mass transit. - **Healthcare** saw contactless usage rise by **82%** in **2025** as providers leaned into safer billing and registration workflows. - **Hospitality** is expanding fast, with the segment expected to post the **highest CAGR of 24.3%** in one market view because of mobile check-ins and digital payments. - **Stadiums and entertainment venues** are moving toward cashless operations, with the sports-venue cashless payments market valued at **$18.6 billion** in **2025**. - **Vending machines** are adopting NFC quickly, with contactless-enabled vending machines increasing by **38% globally** in **2025**. - **E-commerce** is tied closely to wallets and digital checkout, with contactless payments projected to surpass **$10 trillion** by **2027**. - **Fuel stations and convenience stores** are benefiting from high-frequency tap usage, as the broader contactless market is projected to grow from **$69.7 billion** in **2025** to **$84.2 billion** in **2026**. ## Demographics of Contactless Payment Users - **73%** of millennials and **66%** of Gen Z consistently used contactless payments, making younger adults the strongest user base. - Consumers aged **18 to 24** reported **45%** weekly contactless use, while the **25 to 34** group was close behind at **44%**. - In the United States, about **80%** of people aged **25 to 34** regularly use NFC payments for in-store shopping. - Among consumers aged **34 and below**, **37%** said mobile wallets were their main payment method. - For consumers aged **35 and over**, **54%** reached for contactless debit or credit cards first, while only **13%** used mobile phones as their primary payment method. - Consumers with annual incomes above **$75,000** were projected to make up **46.5%** of all contactless payment users in the U.S. by **2025**. - More than **70%** of NFC payment users were millennials and Gen Z, showing strong adoption among students and younger professionals. - Women accounted for **53%** of NFC payment users worldwide, with men at **47%**. - In urban and rural comparisons, digital payment adoption reached **84.6%** in urban areas versus **46.8%** in rural areas. - Urban users recorded **56.4%** digital payment adoption compared with **43.6%** for rural users, reflecting stronger POS access in cities. ## Top Drivers of Contactless Payment Adoption - **Convenience & speed** is the leading driver of contactless payment adoption, with **48%** of respondents identifying it as a key factor. - **Smartphone penetration** ranks second at **37%**, showing that wider access to smartphones is strongly supporting the shift toward contactless payments. - **Hygiene and touch-free preference** accounts for **28%**, indicating that many consumers value contactless payments for reducing physical contact during transactions. - **Digital wallet incentives** influence **22%** of adoption, suggesting that cashback, discounts, and rewards continue to encourage users to choose contactless payment methods. - **Faster checkout experiences** are cited by **19%**, highlighting the importance of shorter queues and smoother payment processes for consumers. - Overall, the data shows that contactless payment adoption is mainly driven by **practical benefits**, especially **speed, ease of use, smartphone access, and touch-free convenience**. ![Top Drivers Of Contactless Payment Adoption](https://techrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/top-drivers-of-contactless-payment-adoption.jpg "Top Drivers Of Contactless Payment Adoption") ## Security and Fraud Statistics in Contactless Payments - **85%** of senior payment professionals said **fraud detection** is the top AI use case, showing why banks pushed AI-based fraud tools in **2025**. - Tokenization secured **89%** of NFC-based payments globally, and **60%** of merchants used it in **2025** to protect payment data. - Contactless fraud stayed low at **0.0005% per transaction**, while card-not-present fraud remained far higher at about **0.93%** of turnover. - **95%** of major wallets used **two-factor authentication**, supporting stronger consumer protection across mobile payment ecosystems. - **84%** of consumers used biometric authentication, while **85%** said security is a top concern when choosing a wallet. - In **2025**, **72%** of mobile authentication platforms adopted AI-driven multimodal biometrics, lifting fraud detection accuracy by **40%**. - The SEPA Instant Payments Regulation required EU banks to receive instant payments from **9 January 2025** and send them by **October 2025**. - Verification of Payee checks were introduced to help reduce authorized push-payment fraud in Europe, with the rule tied to the **2025** instant-payments rollout. - Contactless card fraud remained below overall card fraud, with physical card presence cutting losses to around **0.06%** versus **0.93%** for card-not-present transactions. ## Merchant Acceptance and POS Terminal Statistics - **89%** of global POS terminals now accept contactless payments, nearing universal adoption by 2030. - **86%** of global consumers use contactless payment methods in 2025, driving merchant acceptance. - **68%** of U.S. card transactions are contactless-enabled, up **10%** year-over-year. - Nearly **180 million** EFTPOS terminals were installed globally at the end of 2024, growing **11%** annually. - Soft POS merchants will exceed **34.5 million** globally by 2027, up **475%** from 2022. - The mobile POS market reached **$27.51 billion** in 2025, projected to hit **$68.68 billion** by 2033. - **83%** of small businesses adopting contactless tech reported higher customer satisfaction in 2025. - **71%** of transactions in Europe were contactless in 2024, leading global regions. ## Future Trends and Forecasts - The global contactless payment market is projected to reach **$240.12 billion** by **2035** at a **15.65% CAGR**. - Digital wallet users are expected to pass **6 billion** by **2030**, equal to **more than three-quarters** of the global population. - Mobile wallets accounted for **roughly half** of global e-commerce payment transactions in **2024** and are projected to grow at an **18.1% CAGR** through **2030**. - The wearable payment devices market is forecast to rise from **$69.95 billion** in **2025** to **$82.16 billion** in **2026**. - The [biometric payment](https://techrt.com/?p=32365) market is projected to grow from **$13.72 billion** in **2026** to **$25.7 billion** by **2030**. - The AI fraud detection market is expected to expand from **$7.5 billion** in **2024** at **25% CAGR**, showing strong demand for **real-time security**. - The embedded finance market is projected to be **$155.96** **billion** in **2026** and is growing at a **23.84% CAGR** toward **2031**. - The digital identity in the government sector market is forecast to reach **$16.56 billion** by **2035**, with an **18.32% CAGR**. - The Asia-Pacific cross-border payments market is projected to hit **$24 trillion** by **2033**, up from **$13.5 trillion** in **2025**. - Contactless payment systems are expanding across **retail, transportation, healthcare, and smart city services**, with transit adoption already above **80 cities** using account-based ticketing. ## Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) ### What is the projected size of the global contactless payment market by 2035? The global contactless payment market is projected to reach **$240.12 billion by 2035**, growing at a **15.65% CAGR from 2026 to 2035**. ### How many people are expected to use mobile wallets worldwide by 2026? Mobile wallet users worldwide are expected to exceed **5.3 billion by 2026**. ### What share of the contactless payment market did Asia-Pacific hold in 2025? Asia-Pacific accounted for **26.2% of the global contactless payment market in 2025**. ### How much could global contactless payment transactions be worth by 2030? The total value of contactless payment transactions is expected to rise from **$7.7 trillion in 2025 to $18.1 trillion by 2030**. ### What percentage of Canadian in-store transactions were contactless in 2024? More than **75% of in-store transactions in Canada were contactless in 2024**. ## Conclusion Contactless payments continue transforming how consumers and businesses handle transactions across retail, transportation, hospitality, healthcare, and e-commerce sectors. Strong smartphone adoption, expanding NFC infrastructure, rising digital wallet usage, and growing merchant acceptance continue pushing the market toward sustained long-term growth. At the same time, advancements in biometric security, tokenization, and AI-driven fraud prevention are helping financial institutions strengthen consumer trust in tap-based transactions. The U.S. market remains one of the fastest-growing contactless ecosystems, while Asia-Pacific and Europe continue setting global adoption benchmarks. As mobile wallets, [wearable](https://techrt.com/wearable-technology-health-statistics/) devices, and soft POS technologies mature, contactless payments will likely become the default payment experience across both physical and digital commerce environments over the next decade.